Statistics For Health Care Management And Administration

Eastman kodak Essay

Assessing the money related state of Eastman Kodak can be irksome. Per my assessment of their quarterly report which was found at http://www. kodak. com, some warnings have gave the idea that the examiners ought to know about. These stick out and ought to have unique spotlight on. This quarterly report depends on the companies’ business exercises just as their auxiliary organizations between the revealing times of January 1, through December 31, 2011. It has been guessed that a portion of the past reports have not been managing on genuine execution information premise (Avery, 2012). While many accept this to be unimaginable and false, in any case, there is by all accounts that there were no exemptions announced or seen on earlier reports. By and by, while breaking down this report there is by all accounts correspondence concerning information avoidance from the redistributed activities and information for rented offices were shown. The income investigation of Kodak has consistently been cause for concern. The Kodak organizations the previous quite a long while have had numerous issues as appear by the fiscal reports. â€Å"The interior incomes are negative demonstrating that this organization has a money related issue (Arnold, 2012). Things, for example, the working costs, contributing, and the utilization of the money and its outpouring when it has money are what we consider inside incomes. Kodak organization is pointed its emphasis on subsidizing various capacities and activities. This financing was to ensure that the IP authorizing procedure would a hit. For this to be appropriate, the organization would need to sell its benefits. â€Å"Thus so as to be effective in the IP portfolio procedure EASTKOD 3 Eastman Kodak set there locales planned for getting assets of over $200 million and afterward to have authorizing exchanges to produce somewhere in the range of #250 and $350 million dollars (Anderson, 2012). A portion of the warnings that they ought to know about can be financial elements, procuring issues, unreasonable obligation. In view of these variables it is unmistakably obvious that Kodak concentrated on freeing their work on the thought from manageability that they had place in process inside the 2011 monetary year. For Kodak to remain serious they needed to start new projects to create business in the regions in which they work. These projects would support business. â€Å"After the 2011 quarterly report, Kodak was progressively supportable and hoped to flourish and exploit their customer’s monetary, ecological, and social execution so as to keep up and achieve a gainful , practical, and computerized organization (Anderson, 2011). With these warnings referenced, Kodak and its position monetarily, either would pull in or not draw in financial specialists. This is because of the way that the monetary factors, for example, the income of an association give a thought of what its benefits, and the investors incentive to be. The open ability to contribute and to get organizations to fall in accordance with them, Eastman Kodak isn't an appealing organization. This is valid because of its low benefits the organization makes dependent on its last quarterly report. Kodaks last quarterly report and its last 3 earlier years demonstrate that the organization if monetarily falling. During the review technique they ought to be alarmed that Eastman Kodak has balanced its budget summaries making its arrival on capital and its financial steadiness questionable. Eastman Kodaks free income is well less than impressive. Their procedure has fizzled, and this won't pull in new financial specialists. The budget report show that the income has decreased and this is incompletely added to the board and the need there of on their trustee obligations.

Do No Credit Check Loans Show up on Your Credit Report

Do No Credit Check Loans Show up on Your Credit Report Do No Credit Check Loans Show up on Your Credit Report? Do No Credit Check Loans Show up on Your Credit Report?With traditional lenders, reporting payment information to the credit bureaus is a two-way street. But with no credit check lenders? Not so much.No credit check loans aren’t known for offering lots of fancy perks. They’re a way to get you the cash you need when you need it: ASAP. But are these loans so no-frills that they dont even end up on your credit report? And is that a good or a bad thing?How do no credit check loans work?If you have good credit, you can easily get a personal loan from a bank, credit union, or another traditional personal lender. But if you have bad credit, your options are going to be more limited.For one thing, traditional lenders will run a hard credit check when they evaluate your application. And those hard checks will actually ding your score. And while the damage is small and temporary, it’s still the last thing someone with bad credit needsâ€"especially when they’re going to get denied anywa y!That’s where no credit check loans come in. These are smaller loansâ€"both online loans and cash loans from brick and mortar lendersâ€"designed to provide emergency bridge financing for people with bad credit. And just like the name suggests, no credit check loans will not involve a hard check being run on your credit history.There are three main kinds of no credit check loans. The first is payday loansâ€"also known as cash advances. These are small-dollar loans with very short repayment terms and extremely high interest rates. A typical two-week payday loan with a 15 percent interest rate has an APR of almost 400 percent!Title loans are also common, but, unlike payday loans, these products are secured by collateralâ€"namely, the title to the borrower’s car or truck. You can generally borrow more money with a title loan than you can with a payday cash advance, but you’ll still encounter APRs averaging around 300 percent!Lastly, there are bad credit installment loans, which a re structured more like traditional loans. Unlike payday and title loans, which you pay off in a single lump sum, installment loans are paid off in a series of set, regular payments over a period of months or years, not weeks. How does credit reporting work?Your credit score is based on information in your credit reports. These are documents that track your history as a user of credit. Generally, the information stays on your credit reports for seven years, but some information sticks around for longer.You have three different credit reports, one each from the three different credit bureaus: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. And those credit bureaus rely on businesses like lenders, landlords, and debt collection companies reporting information to them in the first place.Some businesses only report to one or two of the credit bureaus, not to all three. This is why information can vary across your reports, and why a credit score created from, say, your Experian report could be higher or lower than a score created from your TransUnion report.Credit reporting is a two-way street. Businesses that check consumers’ credit scores rely on the credit bureaus to provide them accurate scores and credit histories, while the bureaus rely on these same businesses to report this very same information.No credit check loans don’t show up on your report.With no credit check lenders, however, there is no two-way street. In most cases, there isn’t even a one-way street. No credit check lenders don’t rely on the credit bureaus, and they don’t report to them either.Case closed, right? Actually, no. Not quite yet.There’s one big exception.While no credit check lenders don’t report payment information to the credit bureaus, debt collectors most certainly do. And if you end up defaulting on your no credit check loan, the odds that the debt gets sold to a collection agency are pretty good.If that happens, and the debt collector reports your account to the credit bureaus, your score is going to take a big hit. This is one of the annoying things about no credit check loans: You don’t get the bump from paying one off on time, but you do get dinged for failing to make your payments.Consider a soft credit check loan instead.There is an alternative to choosing no credit check loans when you’re in need of some quick cash: You could apply for a bad credit loan that performs a “soft” credit check instead. Unlike hard checks, soft checks don’t end up on your credit report and don’t affect your score.What’s more, a soft credit check lets you know that the lender is taking your ability to repay into account, making it less likely that you’ll borrow more than you can repay and end up either defaulting entirely or stuck in a dangerous, costly cycle of debt.Even more than finding a lender who performs a soft credit check, you should focus on a lender that checks your ability to repayâ€"whether that’s a soft check, an income verification, or anoth er type of underwriting process. Anything is preferable to no check at all.Some of these soft credit check lenders even report your payment information to the credit bureaus! So if you make your payments on time, that information will go on your report and can help you build a better credit history!To learn more about how you can improve your financial situation, check out these other articles from OppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsSave More Money with These 40 Expert Tips10 Good Money Habits to Make Your Friends JealousBuilding Your Financial Life: Budgeting for BeginnersDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Barbarian Virtues Paper - 817 Words

Theories of Development: Scholarly Disciplines and the Hierarchy of Peoples In chapter four of his book â€Å"Barbarian Virtues,† Matthew Frye Jacobson connects the theories and beliefs used to interpret relationships to the development of humans over time. He states that scholarly methods in academics have been used to systematically rank different groups of people. Jacobson discusses many academic disciplines used in these theories such as, anthropology, genetics, biology, psychology, and linguistics. Throughout this chapter, Jacobson divides his research into three categories: cultures, genes, and minds. Together these theories of human development highlight the superiority and inferiority conflict between races in nineteenth†¦show more content†¦(Jacobson 145) Another method that can be used in the study of human development is the work of Lewis Henry Morgan. Morgan works focused on evolutionist thinking, â€Å"Morgan ventured to classify the entire spectrum of human experience into seven different subdivisions.† (Jacobson 146) These subdivisions are categorized by savagery, barbarism and civilization. Savagery involves simple knowledge and findings, Barbarism starts the building of small culture with more complex inventions, and finally civilization is reached where literacy can be found. Another topic to be considered is the subdivision of human development called Genes. Race is a peculiar topic that brings confusion between monogenist and polygenist ideas. People may arrange races into hierarchical form depending on different cultures. The theory of eugenics comes into the topic of genes that causes conflict between humans. Eugenics is a practice that is set out to improve the qualities of humans in the populations. (Jacobson 153) The conflict that arises from eugenics is arguments between individuals claiming to be a more superior race over others. These disputes can be found throughout history such as the conflicts between Indian tribes, immigrants and others. A good example of racial conflict of superiority can be found in â€Å"Reading the American Past.† The white supremacists in the KKK rebelled against the blacks in 1898, â€Å"The white people of Wilmington,Show MoreRelatedChristianity And The Fall Of The Western Roman Empire1349 Words   |  6 Pagesonly until the second emperor of the Roman Empire, before Rome’s crooked ways became noticeable and uncontrollable. The second reason is because the Western Roman Empire that fell was officially, as declared by an emperor, a Christian Rome. 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China has, in fact, a great cultural inheritance of traditional virtues from its long-lastingRead MorePolitics And City Of God : Issues And Medieval Political Thought Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesNigeria E-mail: okechukwu.amadi@uniport.edu.ng Abstract In this paper we have attempted to show the significance of St. Augustine’s thought on the problems of politics as contained in his famous work The City of God. We established that his theoretical enterprise on politics and State based as it were on the theory of the two cities, the earthly city and the heavenly city is that of necessity. In arriving at this conclusion, the paper shows that there is logical and consistent correlation betweenRead MoreThe Odyssey, By Plato And The Triumph Of Odysseus1517 Words   |  7 Pagesthe young man is eager to be taught and improved by his lover - then, and only then, when these two principles coincide absolutely, is it ever honorable for a young man to accept a lover† (Plato, 877). The repeated emphasis on honor, wisdom, and virtue is a recurring theme throughout greek homosexual relationships. The archetypes of the two male partners: the younger lover known as the ‘beloved’ (eromenos) and an older lover (erastes). Cantarella asserts that â€Å"love relationships, were also, inRead MoreConstantine the Great1359 Words   |  6 PagesConstantius, and held Constantine as a hostage in his court to ensure first-rate performance from Constantius. Despite this Constantine remained a distinguished court member, fighting for Diocletian, as well as for Galerius in Asia. He battled the barbarians of Danube in 296, fought the Persians in Syria and Mesopotamia in 297, 298, and 299. Constantine returned to Nicomedia in the spring of 303, to find the beginnings of Diocletian’s â€Å"Great Persecution†, beginning to take place. The Great Persecution

Are Police Society s New Criminal - 1615 Words

Are police society’s new criminal? To civilians they are in fact the new criminals. Throughout the years society has lost respect for law enforcement. Day after day civilians are dying from the hands of law enforcement, some are justified and some are not. Forcing the people to loose trust in the officers of the law. Minorities in particular fear them and are more likely to die from an encounter with the police. Police officers need to be held accountable for their actions as well as the higher ups. Police brutality isn’t just an issue to minorities it’s society’s problem that needs to be addressed and rectified. Police brutality numbers have risen over the years. In the U.S. alone police have fatally shot more than 575 people who were†¦show more content†¦These facts were reported by the Pew/USA Today poll that were conducted in 2014, from all races collectively. Social scientist who have done extensive research and countless interviews has concl uded that there is a â€Å"deep sense of mistrust† embedded in the communities according to the journalistsresource.org/studies/society/race-society/worldviews-young-black-men-research-chat-sociologist-alford-young-jr. Police have offered and tried to use many efforts to ease these feelings by making promises to the community including strategies such as community policing, community policing is a strategy that basically involves the involvement of citizens. It implements and evaluates law enforcement programs. These strategies are supported by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, respectively established in 1994 as part of the U.S Department of Justice. These services offer an alternative to the traditional policing strategies by becoming more community involved, in other words they are dedicated to community policing. Although law enforcement in America is still very dangerous work, America has a higher homicide rate compared to countries with similar socio-economic levels. Crime rates in

Air Asia essay Free Essays

The micro and macro environment both have different factors. The Micro environmental factors include: organisations, suppliers, customer market, the intermediaries and competitors. Macro factors include Demographic, natural, technological, cultural, political and economic factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Asia essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, these factors may vary depending with the company. In this study case of Air Asia, low price was the smartest marketing strategy Air Asia used. The company has done its research and found that there were a huge mass middle-class people that love to travel by plain. They targeted these people and offered them convenient and affordable air travel experience. By this approach, the company has satisfied its slogan â€Å"Now everyone can fly†. Second factors in micro enviroment is ‘the company’. One department must work closely with other company departments. Other departments have an impact on marketing department’s plans and actions. Fernandes (the CEO of Air Asia) contributed heavily to the success of Air Asia. He was seen working alongside with the employees as a baggage hander to get to know his staff members and to listen to the customer’s wants and needs. Mr. Fernandes also asked customers for feedback for the service that was provided for them. Feedback is crucial for Air Asia so that they could implement their strategy effectively and efficiently. Moreover, Frenades has support and engaged Dr, Mahathir M. to network with neighboring countries in an effort to develop an open-skies agreement and grant landing rights to Air Asia. This worked to the advantage of the company now it could penetrate a bigger market and target a wider pool of customers. Convenience also played a major role in the marketing strategy. To keep customers happy, Air Asia offered customers with agents to cater to travelers who are uncomfortable with booking online. Also it provided an easier way to pay for tickets by visiting a local bank and pay by cash. This is a genius strategy because Air Asia knows its customers. It knows that a portion of its customers that fly Air Asia don’t have that much money to carry around so there are little chances that they would own a personal credit/debit card. How to cite Air Asia essay, Essays

The Spread of Democracy

Introduction Years back, the general perception of democracy by most countries was that a democratic system of governance was only possible under particular socio-economic and cultural conditions and thus a preserve for the rich western countries. However, democracy characterized by regular free and fair elections is common in most countries today, with majority of them being poor developing nations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Spread of Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Increasingly, democracy is becoming a universal concept as opposed to the earlier beliefs that it is a preserve for rich industrialized nations. In non-democratic countries, democratic movements are a common occurrence, where the citizenry demand freedom and expansion of the democratic space as a way of promoting peace and development. Although the spread of democracy depends on internal attributes or societal factors wi thin a nation, international influence also promotes the spread of democracy in non-democratic countries. Given the rapid global spread of democracy, multilateral assistance is important to promote democracy in non-democratic and autocratic countries. Democracy leads to peace either nationally or between countries, thus contributing to regional stability. Evolution and Development of Democracy The social origins of democracy involved a revolutionary shift of the relative importance accorded to individuals by the society to a collective system where the rights and interests of all the society members were upheld. The expansion in the democratic space gave rise to democratic forms of governance that contributed to the developments in the various aspects of the society. It contributed to developments in science, education, economy and culture in ancient world (Russett, and Oneal 2001, 112). The earlier democratic forms of governance particularly the American democratic revolution, led to the rise of Renaissance in the field of science, religious reformation and the rise of capitalistic economies in earlier democracies. In the non-democratic governance, the social elite including the military or religious personalities or royalties ruled the countries. The revolutionary shift particularly in Western Europe in the last century intended to advocate for the recognition of the rights of the individuals from the ruling elite and in the process give more power to the people. During this shift, political democratic institutions emerged to advocate for the interests, values, and rights of the people from the authoritarian leadership.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This shift was gradual, characterized by shift of power from a centralized system to the society. The military or monarchial rule gave way to the rule by the rich and wealthy traders in the society who comprised the majority of the earlier parliament. Later, the need for the recognition of universal rights and freedoms for all individuals necessitated the distribution of power to the commercial class and much later extended to all citizens. The origin of democracy can be linked to the ancient city of Athens in Greece. The emphasis on freedom and earlier religious and philosophical studies in Greece coupled with the need for freedom of worship and trial by a competent judicial system contributed to the rise of democracy in this ancient civilization. The increasing concern over autonomy helped grow and stabilize independence that was a critical ingredient in major achievements in the field of politics and science. In ancient Rome, the governance included aristocratic and democratic principles with the aim of promoting a collective welfare of all the members of the society. During this period, the empire enjoyed relative peace compared to the other nations in Europe. However, much of the rulers of the Roman Empire disrespected the rights of individuals leading to the collapse of the empire. With the fall of the Roman Empire, political absolutism took over suppressing the individual rights and liberties. After the fall of the Roman rule, the security of the people in Europe was compromised giving way to protection by warlords in exchange for payment. Individuals submitted to authoritarian leadership of monarchs and appointed priests, thereby depriving the populace of their individual civil rights and privileges. The economic development and religious practices were under control of these rulers. Economic freedom contributed to the rise of democratic governance in most civilizations of the ancient world. The growth in trade characterized by the use of a common currency shifted power and dependence from the monarchic leaders leading to wealthy merchants giving rise to a form of individualism, where the rich merchants enjoyed certain privileges. The shift from a ce ntralized power system to the new system characterized by economic freedom encouraged the social development and development of individual enterprises. The economic freedom also contributed to Renaissance financed by the wealth merchants giving way to a change in human thinking and social organizations. Learning, particularly of philosophical concepts and languages provided the means of spreading new ideas on governance to all parts of a society contributing to breaking the prevalent political ideologies. The increase in knowledge freed people from the religious and absolutistic control by demanding the recognition of individual rights and liberties from the ruling class. The intellectual and economic development in Europe led to religious reformation where the authority previously centralized in religious institutions, shifted to individuals giving rise to the democratic governance.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Spread of Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Democratic Peace Theory The democracies of the world seldom engage in international conflicts or wars between them as supported by empirical data research. This phenomenon shows a direct relationship between growth and expansion of democratic ideologies with peace or relative stability of a country or a region. In addition, the empirical research evidence suggests that violent actions are rare within democracies as opposed to aristocratic or purely monarchial countries. The democratic peace theory is based on Immanuel Kant’s philosophical ideas. Immanuel Kant in the 16th century postulated the idea that the establishment of democratic republics could contribute to world peace. He believed that with democratic governance, people will see no reason to go to war or engage in a conflict, unless in self-defense (Kant 1991, 106). If there is relative peace in a country or a region, wars could be limited if no t eliminated. Kant’s ideas gave rise to the modern democratic peace theory, which claims that democracies rarely engage in wars. The democratic peace theory holds that democracies do not engage in war between themselves although they may engage in war with non-democracies. Empirical evidence supports this claim to some extent. The proponents of the democratic peace attribute the lack of war in democracies or friendly relations between democracies to the peaceful conflict resolution mechanisms inherent in democratic societies or restraining public opinion. The democracies opt for peaceful means of solving internal political conflicts through mediation and dialogue rather than war or civil conflict. Additionally, democracies engage in bilateral or multilateral trade, which eliminates chances of going to war in case of strained relations. Democracies also have established democratic institutions including a free electoral process and an influential legislature that deter the gov ernment from going into war. The democratic peace theory advances two important reasons as to why democracies seldom engage in war with each other. Firstly, the democratic institutions in democracies deter these nations from engaging in war. According to Doyle, basing his argument on Kant’s philosophy, the democracies fail to go to war with each other because in a democracy, the leadership is answerable to the citizenry (Doyle 1983, 323). If the democratic government unilaterally decides to go to war against the public opinion, it faces the risk of removal from power through elections.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, democracies allow the public opinion to be incorporated into a country’s foreign policy hence reducing or eliminating the chances of going into war. The domestic political structures in democratic countries also contribute to avoidance of war by democratic nations as it increases political competition between the incumbent government and the opposition. The second reason advanced by the proponents of the democratic peace theory involves the inherent social and cultural practices that promote peaceful resolution of conflicts allowing rival parties within a nation to reach a compromise, which is then extended to other democratic countries. In addition, democracies also develop a positive perception of each other pertaining justice and conflict resolution within their boundaries, which encourage peaceful resolution of a common conflict. Democratic states also cooperate in many aspects, particularly in trade, because of common interests leading to a community of stat es with common interests that prevent wars among them or with other democratic states. The critics of the democratic peace theory, among them Christopher Layne, argue that democracies fail to engage in wars because of other reasons other than those advanced by the democratic peace theory. The crises in democracies do not often result to war because of various reasons. Layne posits, the crisis between the â€Å"Great Britain and France in 1898, which have the most developed democracies in the world, did not result to war because the British war machinery was simply overwhelming† (1994, 43-44). Other critics argue that, only interstate wars conform to the democratic peace theory and that internal dispute resolution in a democratic nation cannot be attributed to democratic peace theory by considering the civil wars in democratic states such as the American Civil War of 1861-1865. This challenges the applicability of the democratic peace theory in internal disputes of democratic nations. In contrast, non-democracies lack democratic norms of compromise and peaceful resolution of conflicts or crises. They are, therefore, war-prone and can engage in war with democratic states. Democratic states on the other hand exercise restraint when in a conflict with a non-democratic nation. However, the democratic nation may go into war with a non-democratic nation if the expectations are not met or if the non-democratic state takes advantage of the moderation exercised by the democratic nation. Thus, according to the democratic peace theory, democratic nations develop peaceful relations with each other but behave differently to other non-democratic states. The Spread of Democracy and Peace The spread of democracy termed democratization began in the last century from a few democracies but spread to the current state where more than 50% of all the states are democratic republics. The spread of democracy even to non-democratic nations is partly dependent on the democratic n ature of the surrounding nations or region. The democratization of a non-democratic nation is enhanced when the surrounding nations are democracies (Kant 1991, 114). Conversely, a democratic state surrounded by authoritarian countries will most likely revert to non-democratic practices. The democratic states increased sharply after World War I but fell in the advent of World War II. At the end of the Cold War, the number of world democracies has continued to increase. The democratization process and its contribution to peace are best explained by the classical theory by Immanuel Kant (Kant 1991, 112). Kant advanced a series of democratic processes that would eventually result to peace. Firstly, Kant argued that the idea of development of a peaceful democratic community would encourage the elimination of non-democratic ideologies. He also considered the contribution of democracy based on democratic norms to the process of democratization and peace following an evolutionary pattern. H owever, the major concern is whether democratization reduces the chances of a nation engaging in warfare. Empirical evidence indicates that dictatorships increase the chances of a country going into civil war or engaging in war with other nations. Democracy often in the Western world entails freedom of expression and association by all the citizens within a nation and people-driven governance characterized by free and fair elections. However, the role of democracy in the spread of peace within nations and between democracies is often contentious. Historically, democracy was a revolutionary and social movement whose main aim was to break away from the authoritarian rule in most countries. The major reason for the rapid spread of democracy is that democracies rarely go to war. However, critics argue that established democracies do not engage in war with each other not because they uphold democratic principles, but because they have common trade and social institutions even within thei r borders. While it is evident that democracy promotes peace and integration both nationally and internationally, new rivalries between states might generate interstate wars. During the Cold war, the rivalries between powerful democratic nations such as Russia and China led to minor wars and border insecurity. Despite democracy being one way of solving interstate conflicts and achieving peace, in my opinion, democratization alone does not normally result to avoidance of wars. Countries that boast of internal democracy engage in warlike actions with their neighboring countries, which is a pointer that democracy does not always lead to peace like the tensions between India and Pakistan. Additionally, democracies just like military leaderships can opt for war, to improve their popularity among the electorate within a country. The old regimes within democratic countries also manipulate democracy by engaging in war with neighboring states or against minority society within the democratic nation. In other emerging democracies, the regime, which is normally inclined towards authoritarian rule, uses the electoral process to consolidate power over the people with less regard to fundamental individual rights and liberties. In my opinion, it is difficult to convince non-democratic states that democracy is beneficial compared to authoritarian rule. The ruling elite in democratic countries often use democracy and democratization as means of legitimizing cruelty and tyranny to its citizens. In some cases, the leaders exercise authority over the electoral process making it impossible to conduct free and fair elections. In addition, in these countries, the freedom of the media is minimal and the opposition parties often face mistreatment from the governing party. In developed democracies, the threats of war with minority dissidents or with neighboring countries are common. Thus, the notion that democracy contributes to peace is not always right. Indeed, in the modern era, dem ocracy is used as one way of seeking international recognition by breakaway states while at the same time committing various acts of atrocity. This, in my opinion, further complicates the notion of democratic peace as held by the Western powerful democracies. The leaders of the breakaway nations use ‘democracy’ as the reason for seeking independence from the dominating state. However, in the process of democratization, the minorities are forced out of the territory as the leadership seeks to establish a homogeneous ethnic group to bolster their political interests. Forced expulsion or genocide of the minority communities is committed in order to attain a uniform state comprising of a single ethnic group. After the atrocities, performed in the name of democracy, a referendum is held to confirm the majority rule of the new state. The War and Peace Zones Modern democracy and peace belong to the new world order. Given that democracy alone faces challenges in achieving unive rsal peace even between industrialized nations, the real world order provides an ideal way for countries to regulate its institutions in the wake of globalization in the 21st century. This can be achieved through intergovernmental cooperation. In addition, the real world order provides means of engaging the non-democratic institutions through use of international institutions. Under the new world order, the international institutions such as the United Nations, undertake the role of ensuring peace and security of the nations with the support of developed nations. However, the world order faces challenges amongst them, the unpopularity of the concept. In addition, centralized rulemaking body requires universal participation by all the member states including the non-democratic states. The major challenge includes the fact that the United Nations cannot operate effectively without support from the powerful democracies neither will the states approve overall authority to this internati onal body that would compromise their sovereignty. The common belief that the new world order will bring universal peace even to authoritarian-ruled countries is based on the democratic peace theory, which postulates that democracies seldom engage in war amongst themselves. While democracies may engage in war with non-democracies, they abstain from engaging in war amongst themselves hence establishing a ‘zone of peace’. The zone of peace will keep on expanding with the spread of democracy until universal peace and democracy is attained in all regions of the globe through an international federation. The notion of a zone of peace, established under a democracy, began in the eighteenth century based on the Kant’s ideologies about the democratic peace and the idea of a global federation. The origin of the idea for a common federation has its roots from military alliances common in the sixteenth century. The military alliances promoted peaceful resolution of conflict s by allowing enemy states to cooperate. However, the new world order bases its quest for global peace through international institutions, while Kant’s theory holds that universal peace can be attained through the establishment of democratic republics in the countries of the world. In addition, the peace theory , which advocates for the formation of an international federation to enhance peaceful coexistence among nations, claims that democratic nations act only peacefully towards each other but can fight with non-democratic nations. However, Kant expected democratic nations to behave peacefully towards all the other nations, whether democratic or non-democratic as a way of achieving global peace. Democracies often remain peaceful unless they are attacked or threatened by regimes from non-democratic nations. Under the democracy theory, the democratic nations are justified to employ force against authoritarian regimes because the non-democratic states may interfere with the pe aceful democratic life in these countries. In addition, democracies cannot go to war with one another in order to promote the spread of peace among nations. Thus, the spread of democracy is believed to increase the level of regional stability and peace among the various nations of the world beginning with the zones of peace and later spread to include the other non-democratic countries or the ‘war zones’. However, powerful nations particularly the Western governments and the International institutions such as NATO have wrongly used the spread of democracy to propagate forceful intrusion into relatively stable countries. The ‘zones of peace’ as supported by liberal democracies are portrayed as just and the best way of attaining global peace. However, other forms of political organizations can also promote the development of specific ‘zones of peace’. The liberal democratic peace can be achieved through other forms of political organizations othe r than the liberal democracy supported by the Western world (Singer, and Wildavsky1993, 32). Countries that do not conform to the ideologies of the liberal democracies or the Western cultural or socio-economic practices, experience relative peace and have friendly relations with the neighboring nations. The current democratic peace theory proposes a universal peace and security among nations, which is only achievable though democratic practices and international institutions’ presence. In my opinion, democracy can spread both within a nation and internationally with help from democratic institutions within a democratic state and the international institutions such as the UN. However, the control of political affairs of the country should be left to the citizenry as opposed to the forceful application of the democratic principles on the people. Otherwise, the citizens would retaliate with revolt, which could harm the spread of the democratic peace. Internationally, democratic peace can spread through emphasis of respect to fundamental human rights by all nations irrespective of whether they uphold liberal-democratic ideologies or they are simply non-democratic. The social development and expansion in religious and economic freedoms can also contribute to the spread of democratic peace across the world. International Institutions and the Spread of Democratic Peace Despite democracy playing a vital role in the spread of peace, it faces many impediments in the spread of democracy among many nations. In most authoritarian nations, reforms are rare with electoral systems that deter the spread of democratic peace. In addition, these countries have a weak and non-vibrant civil society and cannot effectively challenge the governing regime. Other emerging democracies practice authoritarian rule under the guise of democracy. The international institutions such as the United Nations help to foster democratic peace in nations faced with governance challenges. The Un ited Nations, comprised of different democratic nations, undertakes to prevent common problems that hinder the spread of democratic peace. In particular, the internal conflicts or civil wars within a nation, government atrocities against its own people and wars between states are the major concerns of the United Nations of the Security Council (Luard 1986, 93). However, these global institutions experience faces challenges from the member states that may refuse to comply with the laid down statutes as seen during the Cold War. The structural frameworks of the new world order relies on the development of these international institutions, which should have formal authority to promote peace even if it means the use of force. However, the West including the United States refuses to vest authority to the legitimate global institutions and thus affects their operations. In addition, these global institutions contribute less, if any, to the welfare of the citizens of most countries. The gl obal interests, particularly of the non-Western developed countries during the Cold War coupled with the perceived ineffectiveness of the International institutions in promoting peace contribute to the continuation of authoritarian governance. In my opinion, the UN system as presently constituted has the potential of promoting peace and security than during the Cold War. The new challenges facing the UN’s operations include the potential security risk of countries amassing weapons of mass destruction. However, I believe that the UN through various commitments can solve this potential crisis and contribute to peace among nations. Through mobilization of UN peace keeping activities to countries ravaged by war, peaceful negotiations, and conflict resolution can be reached. The UN can also authorize the use of force in exceptional circumstances, especially in countries ravaged by war or in case of potential threat of weapons of mass destruction, which is important in promoting pe ace among countries. The UN also promotes the establishment of democratic governance in a country by first allowing a transitional government to be in place. This, in my opinion, is a vital step in rebuilding a state ravaged by war. The UN has the mandate to carry out inspection and monitoring of a country’s nuclear plants to ascertain the activities of the nuclear plant. Thus, any potential threats from weapons of mass destruction can be avoided and contribute to global peace. Under the UN Charter, the relations between nations are covered. However, the internal activities of nations such as civil wars and weapon amassment by nations remain unregulated. In addition, the Charter provided for open membership by all interested nations regardless of whether they are democracies or not. However, I think the operations of the UN could be enhanced if the membership comprised of democracies only because democracies respect human rights and fundamental rights. Additionally, democraci es seldom engage in wars between themselves and do not allow killing by governments or civil wars to occur. Thus, creating a UN institution that is comprised of democratic nations only would contribute to the expansion of democracy and peace among nations. Democracies are also less prone to engage in production of weapons of mass destruction and are more likely to comply with international laws and treaties than non-democracies. Democratic nations are less likely to be threats to international peace than dictatorships and therefore, form important members of the UN. In addition to contributing to the spread of peace, democratization or the spread of democracy has promoted international cooperation particularly with regard to peace and security of nations (Spencer 1998, 305). Democracies often do not fight other democracies but can engage in war with authoritarian regimes when attacked. The democratic nations cooperate through international institutions under the new world order to p romote global peace in the nations of the world. Democracies often respect and trust the democratic practices of the other democratic nations leading to peaceful relations and expansion of democratic peace among nations. The spread of democracy also has promoted international cooperation in trade and economic sectors, which is not feasible in war or international conflict. However, economic depressions or boundary dispute between democratic nations may strain the international relations enjoyed by democracies. The integration of the world economy particularly in the areas of communication and trade can be attributed to the spread of democracy. This has encouraged cooperation in the management and regulation of the international organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank. Additionally, democratic nations cooperate in promoting the spread of democracy by advocating for a vibrant civil societies and democratic institutions in non-democratic institutions. Conclusion The democratic peace theory holds that democracies rarely engage in war amongst them but can fight with authoritarian regimes. The spread of democracy, therefore, contribute to the spread of international peace among nations as postulated under the new world order. However, some democracies engage in dictatorial leadership and in the process hinder the spread of democratic peace. The international institutions play an important role in promoting the spread of democratic peace. In addition, democracy promotes international cooperation among nations particularly in world economy and international trade. Given the important role played by international institutions in the spread of democratic peace, the membership of the United Nations or the United Nations Security Council should comprise of developed democracies in order to grow and consolidate democratic peace. Reference List Doyle, Michael . 1983. Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs. Philosophy and Public Affairs 12: 323-353. Kant, Emman uel. 1991. On Perpetual Peace: Reprinted in Kant’s Political Writings  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Layne, Christopher. 1994. Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace. International Security 19, no.2 (February/March): 43-44 Luard, Evan. 1986. War in International Society. New Haven: Yale University Press Russett, Bruce, and Oneal, John. 2001. Triangulating Peace: Democracy,  Interdependence, and International Organizations. New York: W. W. Norton. Singer, Max, and Wildavsky, Aaron. 1993. The Real World Order: Zones of Peace / Zones of Turmoil. New Jersey: Chatham House. Spencer, Weart. 1998. Never At War: Why Democracies Will Not Fight One Another. New Haven: Yale University Press. This research paper on The Spread of Democracy was written and submitted by user Carter Parrish to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.