Science Development and Computers Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science Development and Computers - Coursework Example This paper would also supplement to entailing the ethical reasons behind making use of computers as fast paced humanoids and also shedding some insight on the much growing artificial intelligence in the world today. Conclusively it might be imperative to reason out the differences in the working of a human brain in retrospect to a central processing unit and how both these entities are in effect the working of the same principal thinking. Science developments and computers With the rapid growth in the information technology industry it is an ever so imperative fact that fast and reliable data transfers are the key to enterprise success in the upcoming future. While organizations battle out for the highest gains and profits, all it comes down in the end is to the fact that which company pertains to the fastest solutions and outputs, whereas this being the age of the integrated technological advancements it is no wonder that a lot has been researched for necessitating new methods and w ays of providing fast data transfer and processing techniques. Before lunging into the technical specification of when and how an industry can optimize its information technological feats it is profoundly imperative that we seek the reasoning and logic behind as to what causes an uplift in most technological advancements. ... With time we have seen that those IBM personal computers have been effectively reduced into mere handheld smartphones today having more than four times the amount of memory and processing speed those early vintage personal computers could potentially offer. With this type of an increasing change in trend and usage we can establish the datum that size of the object has significantly affected the experience these computers provide today and with specification from the study of material science it can duly be distinguished that ascertaining to the working size in a technological development makes way to a much compacter solution to the same specifications while sometimes working on molecular level can yield great optimizing results. With such reasoning we can surly address that the three things imperatively necessary to influence any sort of material and integrated source are firstly the kind of atoms that embed the structure for example the use of silicon atoms as opposed to copper one s idealize the functionality of a microchip while subsequently how these particular atoms are bonded and arranged are the preceding qualities that are in close check with computational hardware development. The reactivity, density and malleability are also features that ascertain a physical influencing change but on a more fundamental aspect of modeling hardware the atomic size structure and behavior are the key material things that effectively model a wiser choice of technology. Coming back to the usage of silicon and how fast this tech seems to cater have fundamentally establishes that the developments in Silicon technology and the express

Review of Related Literature Essay Example for Free

Review of Related Literature Essay This chapter of the research caters to the principles of English as Second Language (ESL); Writing Development of ESL Students; English Structural Problems Encountered by Chinese Students; and Common Errors on Grammar of Chinese Students. English as a Second Language (ESL) is a process of instruction of English in an English speaking country whose mother tongue is a different language (Rosenthal, 2000, p. 73). On the other hand, the method of teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) comprises of teaching English in a particular country wherein English is not the primary language being used (Rosenthal, 2000, p. 73). Students who are studying English as a second language are described as nonnative speakers, language minority students, second language learners, and students with limited English proficiency (Rosenthal, 2000, p. 73). According to Cochran (1992) as cited from Rosenthal (2000), there are generally six identified groups of the ESL college population who needs help with their English, in which four of them required a special ESL instruction in order to continue their college education. The first group is the Native speakers of English who are students who are monolingual, bilingual or bidialectical in nature. This group of students is born in the United States and needs a remedial or basic English skills instruction, focusing more on academic writing (Rosenthal, 2000, p. 74). Second among the groups are called close to native speakers in which they comprise of students who came in various ethnic backgrounds but from a society who practices English at home or with peers. The third group is made by foreign-educated adults with no knowledge in English. This group of individuals is made of students who are well educated in their respective countries and have a good grasp of English grammar and English reading skills; they normally stays in the United States for the sake of continuing education. The foreign-educated adults with no knowledge of English are the group of students who are as described by Cochran as virtually no knowledge of English from any other source who are normally composed of individuals who after graduated high school moved in the United States and have been observed as having gaps and certain problems in their English. The fifth in the group is called the native speakers with limited schooling; more often, immigrants and refugees compose this group. They are characterized by low-level language skills both in their native tongue and English. As a result, it is often perceived that their manner of speaking is not really a standard in neither language. The last group is the nonnative not literate speakers. These individuals are categorized as lacking knowledge both in their native language and the English language (Rosenthal, 2000, p. 74). The process of learning the English language has been strictly categorized in a strict sequence such as â€Å"listen, speak, read and then write (Perotta, 1994, p. 237). As such, the learning emphasizes a strict stage-by-stage approach in learning the English language. Hudelson (1984) as cited from Perotta (1994) had pointed out that the process of contemporary ESL instruction is characterized by programs that place strict limitations on writing to prevent error (p. 237). As such, it is often the case that students are only asked to write what only they have learned or used to do in orally in formal lessons. One significant study that could be cited is the one of Franklin (1986) as cited from Perotta (1994) who made a study between the educational framework and the learning patterns of native English speakers and ESL students. The study viewed that the capacity of the latter are hugely characterized of strict programs that are designed in order to prevent errors in their writing methods. As such, ESL students are only permitted to write what they have practiced orally. Methods such as language drill work, copying, filling in blanks and taking dictation often limit the capacity of ESL student to learn. Studies shown by Rigg (1981) and Urza (1987) as cited from Perotta (1994) have shown that a good number of students are capable of writing things that they are not able to control orally. One specific example that could be cited is the work if a student who appears to be not doing well in speaking English but was able to write the following: Ones supon a time ther livd a good harted lien. he difrent from de adrs. He ws good toode adr animoles and de adr animoles wer good too hem. Ande he dident like too fte and he dident like de adr animol too fte. He somtims guen [when] da abr animoles fte gued [with] hime and he liked too play and he livd gapolievr aftr (p. 267). This example implies then that an effective ESL learning process, most specially if focusing on writing must allow students to learn in a manner that is closely similar to native English speakers. ESL learners must be allowed and encouraged to write as much as they can. The process of writing could be learned through practice, observation, trial and error and also receiving feedbacks from other people and peers as well Perotta (1994).

Company Law problem question: Running a business

Company Law problem question: Running a business Company Law problem question Question 1(a) Tom, Dick and Harry are in business together in the form of a legal partnership. The business having developed somewhat, they are now keen to incorporate their business into a limited company. This will undoubtedly have benefits for the traders, although there are of course certain ramifications of which they should be aware which will be dealt with after a discussion of the benefits of incorporating. The correct choice of business medium is a crucial decision for any business. It will affect how the business trades, the liability of those running the business (in their guise of partners or directors) and the liabilities of the business itself for taxation, for example, in the case of a company. Perhaps the most significant concern for Tom, Dick and Harry, is the risk of capital that is associated with any business. The overwhelming benefit in this context of forming a limited company over remaining as a partnership is that a company will carry only limited liability. This means that the owners of the company (that is, Tom, Dick and Harry, assuming they remain as directors and become shareholders) will only be liable for the amount of unpaid shares in the company if the company were to become insolvent or even bankrupt. In other words, they can choose the amount which they are willing to pay into the company (which does not have to be paid up front), and this is the total amount f or which they would be liable should the company ever be wound up. This can be contrasted with the situation under a partnership where the partners would be both jointly and severally liable for the entire value of their trading losses. This means a partner could lose any property that he owns. The beneficial effects of this arrangement would be limited, however, in a number of situations. If Tom Dick and Harry were to risk everything in the business, that is, if they invest all there assets in the business, then they would still lose it all if the company were to become insolvent. Secondly, it is often the case that when a company comes to borrow money for business development, and particularly where the company is relatively new and unknown to the banks, that the lenders will demand personal guarantees for the value of the loan on top of the normal contractual and security relations with the company. These would, obviously, override the limited liability associated with the company. As business is good for Tom, Dick and Harry at the moment, however, this would not appear to be an immediate problem. A further issue to be considered when deciding whether to incorporate as a company is the expense involved. While these are not extortionate, they are, at least, significant, and should be duly considered by Tom, Dick and Harry. Unlike a partnership, a company needs to be registered, which incurs fees itself. There will be legal fees payable to the solicitor who draws up the new company’s memorandum and articles of association (together, the constitutional documents of the company), which are essential, and outline the aims, methods, and rules of the company’s business life. A similar issue of expense and complexity that will be incurred by a company as opposed to a partnership relates to the accounts of the company. While all businesses, including partnerships, obviously wish to keep accounts, the requirements for accounting for companies are more particular and complicated. The accounts need to be more detailed, and show certain information in a particular way. Furthermore, because companies are subject to more rigorous regulation, the accounts of a company will need to be audited annually by an independent qualified accountant. This, of course, will incur higher accountancy costs that would be expected for a partnership. The company will also be required to complete an annual return and pay a fee on filing it with the Registrar. A company is subject to certain rules and regulations relating to its operation and management, which are statutorily set out in the Companies Act 1985 (subject to be overhauled when the current Company Reform Bill makes it through Parliament). An example of this is the requirement that a company must have at least one director and one secretary. It is usual for the first owners (Tom, Dick and Harry) to become the first directors and / or secretary. These officials will have certain obligations relating to duties owed to the company, and in respect of items that need to be completed and filed with the Registrar of companies at Companies House. An important consideration to take into account is the flexibility of a company to change its internal structure if and when circumstances require it. Such a change would normally involve and require an alteration to the company’s articles of association. This would require, under the Companies Act, a so-called ‘special resolution’, which equates to 75% of the shareholders. In the case of Tom, Dick and Harry, if they were to remain the only shareholders, any such decision would, of course, have to be unanimous. If any conflict is predicted, this will have to be a consideration for the parties. It is worth noting that this requirement is no more stringent than that required for altering a partnership agreement, which requires the approval of all partners. If a conflict were to arise between the directors of the company, the other shareholders would be able to remove the troublesome director by way of an ordinary resolution. Finally, the legal status of a company differs significantly from that of a partnership. A company is seen as a separate legal person, which means it can contract and be held liable in its own name. This has ramifications for the liability of the directors, and is generally seen as a benefit of a company. Only a company (and not a partnership) can create floating charges over their assets. This is significant when it comes to raising finance by way of granting security. It will probably be easier for a company to raise the requisite finance than for a partnership to do so. It is also significant (or may be) that an unlimited number of people can become members of a company, whereas a partnership is limited to twenty partners. If and when the company grows and develops, it will be in its interests to be unlimited in the number of new members it can obtain. Question 1(b) In this scenario, there are a number of developments which will impact on the running and management of the business. Each development will be taken in turn. Firstly, the sale of the company’s property to Dick’s sister, Fanny in 2006 will be problematic. There are three principal areas of concern. Firstly, the company’s articles of association expressly prohibit the sale of company property without a special resolution of the members. As was mentioned above, a special resolution requires a 75% majority, or in this case, as there are only three members, a unanimous vote. There is a course of action that the directors can take, however, after the event, that could ratify the sale of the company property. They will simply need to call an extraordinary general meeting, following the correct procedure of course, and pass a special resolution either to ratify the sale of the company property to Fanny, or else to alter the articles of association to allow for such sales in a more general context. The value and size of the property that is sold to Fanny will be significant in the second area of concern for the company. Under section 320 of the CA, ‘a company shall not enter into an arrangement whereby a director of the company or its holding company, or a person connected with such a director, acquires or is to acquire one or more non-cash assets of the requisite value from the company†¦unless the arrangement is first approved by a resolution of the company in general meeting.’ The reason the value of the property that is transferred to Fanny is significant is because of the existence of the concept of ‘requisite value’, which is set down in section 320(2). This states that the requisite value for a non-cash asset is  £100,000 or 10% of the company’s asset value. If the property is of this value or greater, then, it will be of the requisite value, and will contravene section 320. The fact that Fanny (the purchaser) is the sister of a dir ector classes her as a ‘connected person’. As such, she breaches the section 320 prohibition. Finally, the gross undervaluing of the property in the company’s sale of it to Fanny will be a problem, as it is likely that this will breach section 339 CA in the case of the company becoming insolvent. Were this to happen, the insolvency practitioner would likely deem the transaction to be voidable, and the asset would be brought back into the pool of the company’s assets in order to satisfy the creditors. This would occur if the transaction occurred within 5 years of the presentation of the petition for winding up (because Fanny, again, is an ‘associate’ of the transferor). Under section 238 defines a transaction at an undervalue as one where a company makes a gift to any person and receives either no consideration for it or consideration worth significantly less than the consideration provided by the company. This transaction clearly qualifies as such. It will be deemed to be set aside if insolvency proceedings commence within two years of the transacti on. Each of the directors’ decisions will now be addressed. They decide, firstly, to enter a contract with Oui Ltd. This is not, of course, a problem in itself, apart from the fact that Tom is a director of Oui Ltd. Firstly, if entry into the contract was ratified by an ordinary resolution in the company, Tom would not have been able to vote on it under section 94, because he has an interest in it. If Dry Ltd have adopted Table A articles of association, this would be confirmed by article 94. The company should have kept a register of its directors, which lists the interests and other directorships of all its directors (under section 288 CA), which would have detailed Tom’s directorship of Oui Ltd. Furthermore, section 317 CA requires Tom to have declared his interest in the proposed contract with Oui Ltd at a board meeting of Dry Ltd. He should have given general notice of his directorship. The company issues a further 10,000 unpaid shares to a third party to fight off a takeover bid. This should not create a problem so long as the company’s articles of association give the directors power to issue shares. This in turn is dependent on the company having a sufficient amount of unissued authorised share capital. If it does not, a special resolution will need to be passed to increase this authorised share capital, before passing a further resolution allowing the issue. The powers of the directors in this instance are regulated by section 80 CA. Furthermore, the company must, under section 89, give consideration to rights of pre-emption to existing shareholders. As the directors are the only three shareholders, this should not be a problem, but it would mean they had to wait 21 days before issuing the new shares. The resignation of David and his formation of Whip Ltd, which obtains the contract from Pop Ltd might breach his director’s service contract with Dry Ltd. It is usual for such contracts to contain a clause prohibiting former directors using their business contacts within a certain time of leaving the former directorship; a non-solicitation clause. This would protect Dry Ltd’s business links. Given Harry’s age and his mental deterioration, the company will be able, if it has the heart, to remove him from office following the procedure for removal of directors set down in section 303 CA, which requires an ordinary resolution to be passed. Harry may be able to claim damages for his removal from office under this procedure.

Free Macbeth Essays: Duncan - The Ideal Ruler? :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

Duncan - The Ideal ruler in Macbeth?  Ã‚      Establishing whether Duncan was or was not an ideal ruler is crucial when examining Macbeth. Not only would a definite negative answer help in our understanding of the background of the play but it would also, in a way, justify Macbeth  s decision of killing Duncan. When the play opens Duncan receives a report from the battlefield. The audience finds out that the threat which Scotland faces is of a double nature. A Norwegian invasion is being assisted by two rebellious thanes - Macdonwald and Cawdor. While an external attack is something to be expected of in the times when fame was gained in military conquests, the internal rebellion is something of a different matter. It suggests one important thing - if a rebellion was possible than the king  s power couldn  t have been very strong. Traitors can be found in every society, but it is the ruler  s duty to discover conspiracies and to punish the people involved in them before they have a chance to enact their schemes. The internal rebellion shows that Duncan lacked the ability (and/or means) to do so - maybe he was naive and did not believe that his thanes could actually turn against him. Duncan  s lack of power and control over his country is also proved by his military dependence. It is uncertain whether Duncan himself has been fighting in the war - it is possible that he has not; as in Act one he only receives news from the battlefield. It might, of course, be argued that Shakespeare did not want to include a huge battle scene in his play but, nevertheless, it looks like Duncan has not been fighting himself. This was not the custom in the Middle Ages - the ruler  s conduct in battle was to serve as an example to all the warriors. Shakespeare does not state how old Duncan is but, judging from the fact that he has two grown sons, he is not in his youth. In quite a few stage productions of Macbeth this has been taken into account. In Trevor Nunn  s 1976 film of his stage production of Macbeth Duncan is portrayed as an old, feeble and sick man. This may explain why he does not take part in the battle. He is old and ill and depends on the loyalty of his warlords. Duncan  s fate depends upon two of his most powerful warriors - Macbeth and Banquo.

Original Myth

The Sun, the Moon, and the Great Spirit Long ago, before there was life, before there was even a planet Earth, there were celestial entities that existed in the universe back when it was a light blue. These spirits appear to humans as large masses in space, such as the other planets and the stars. Since the beginning, there were two powerful apparitions that would become rivals until the end of time, the Sun Spirit and the Moon Spirit. The Sun was favored by the other astral entities to the isolated Moon.Not long after all of the spirits of the universe were created by the Great Spirit, their creator who cannot be seen by any life form, the Sun had become the leader of all other celestial bodies and was placed in the center of the Solar System. This angered the Moon, who despised the Sun. The Moon Spirit challenged the Sun for the position as ruler of the planets. Unfortunately for the Moon, the Sun used his superior strength to outcast the Moon to a lonely location between Venus and Mars. After 4,000 years of peace among the bodies of the Solar System, the Sun was growing old and developed a feeling that something was missing.The Sun Spirit decided that it was time for him to create a new successor since he has aged and become weak over time. The Sun found stray meteors flying across space and summoned all of his remaining power to bring them to him. The aging Sun then smashed the colossal space rocks together to create one large mass. Afterwards, he engulfed the inanimate boulder with his life-giving fire to give it consciousness. â€Å"Who are you? Who am I? † said the curious new planet. â€Å"I am the Sun, your creator and protector.You are my daughter who will one day grow up to take my place as ruler of everything in existence,† said the Sun to his newborn child. â€Å"Well, do I have a name? † the naive child asked. â€Å"I shall name you ‘Earth’,† said the Sun. For many days, the cosmos celebrated the birth of t heir beloved king’s child. Eventually, the news spread so far that it got to the Moon Spirit. The Lunar Spirit then schemed the perfect plan to get revenge on the Sun. The Moon waited until all of the other entities fell asleep to sneak out of his seal. He eventually found the sleeping solar king and his princess.The Moon then kidnapped her and brought her to where the Sun had banished him. Child Earth woke up with a loud scream, constantly calling for her father. To silence her, the Moon engulfed her in such a great amount of water that she would never be able to speak again. When the Sun woke up, he looked around for his daughter; she was nowhere to be found. The King began to panic and told every spirit in the universe to look out for the young princess. Not long after, Venus confronted the Sun and said, â€Å"I know where your daughter is. She has been taken away by the twisted Moon and can no longer speak. This news made the Sun so furious, his fire grew to be so large that it gave off the largest glow anyone had ever seen. The powerful light from the glow began to illuminate all parts of the Solar System including the Moon and Earth. The Sun was now able to see his captive daughter, but had no strength left to pull her back to him. From that day on, all of the celestial entities mourned for the loss of their future queen. To show their consolation for the Sun, they all decided to use their combined power to turn space from a sky blue color to black for the second half of every day.To make matters worse, the Moon confronted the Sun to make a proposition. â€Å"If you stand down from your position as king, I will let you have your daughter. If not, then I will force you to stand down,† explained the Moon. The Sun Spirit refused to give up his position. The Moon then declared war on the Sun, but immediately after doing so, the Great Spirit appeared for the first time since the birth of the universe. The two rivals were struck with awe. The Gr eat Spirit refused to let the universe spiral into chaos because of the Sun and Moon’s conflict.In order to please them both, he gave the Sun his daughter for half of a day, but when the Sun falls asleep, the Moon would take ownership. Whenever her father would leave and the Moon would come, the Earth would try to break free of her liquid entrapment, causing the tides to rise. In addition, the Great Spirit went to the Earth and planted a massive green tree on her that would grow from both the soil from the sun and the water from the moon. This Tree of Life would give birth to all life on Earth that we see today, from insects, to sea creatures, to humans.

Geography of Iraq

Geography of Iraq Capital: Baghdad Iraq is a country that is located in western Asia and shares borders with Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Syria (map). It has a very small coastline of just 36 miles (58 km) along the Persian Gulf. Iraqs capital and largest city is Baghdad and it has a population of 30,399,572 (July 2011 estimate). Other large cities in Iraq include Mosul, Basra, Irbil and Kirkuk and the countrys population density is 179.6 people per square mile or 69.3 people per square kilometer. History of Iraq From 1980 to 1988 Iraq was involved in the Iran-Iraq war which devastated its economy. The war also left Iraq as one of the largest military establishments in the Persian Gulf region (U.S. Department of State). In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait but it was forced out in early 1991 by a United States-led U.N. coalition. Following these events social instability continued as the countrys northern Kurdish people and its southern Shia Muslims rebelled against Saddam Husseins government. As a result, the Iraqs government used force to suppress the rebellion, killed thousands of citizens and severely damaged the environment of the regions involved. Because of the instability in Iraq at the time, the U.S. and several other countries established no-fly zones over the country and the U.N. Security Council enacted several sanctions against Iraq after its government refused to surrender weapons and submit to U.N. inspections (U.S. Department of State). Instability remained in the country throughout the rest of the 1990s and into the 2000s. In March-April 2003 a U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq after it was claimed the country failed to comply with further U.N. inspections. This act began the Iraq War between Iraq and the U.S. Shortly the U.S.s invasion, Iraqs dictator Saddam Hussein was overthrown and the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was established to handle Iraqs governmental functions as the country worked to establish a new government. In June 2004 the CPA disbanded and the Iraqi Interim Government took over. In January 2005 the country held elections and the Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) took power. In May 2005 the ITG appointed a committee to draft a constitution and in September 2005 that constitution was completed. In December 2005 another election was held which established a new 4 year constitutional government that took power in March 2006. Despite its new government however, Iraq was still highly unstable during this time and violence was widespread throughout the country. As a result, the U.S. increased its presence in Iraq which caused a decrease in violence. In January 2009 Iraq and the U.S. came up with plans to remove U.S. troops from the country and in June 2009 they began leaving Iraqs urban areas. Further removal of U.S. troops continued into 2010 and 2011. On December 15, 2011 the Iraq War officially ended. Government of Iraq Economics and Land Use in Iraq Geography and Climate of Iraq The climate of Iraq is mostly desert and as such it has mild winters and hot summers. The countrys mountainous regions however have very cold winters and mild summers. Baghdad, the capital and largest city in Iraq has a January average low temperature of 39Â ºF (4Â ºC) and a July average high temperature of 111Â ºF (44Â ºC).